Idealism in Let America Be America Again by Langston Hughes Essay

Optimism in Let America Be America Again by Langston Hughes   â â â In the sonnet Let America Be America Again, Langston Hughes portrays a discouraged America in the 1930's. To many living in America, the optimism introduced as the American Dream had gotten away from their grip. In this idyllic articulation, a speaker is permitted to voice the overlooked Americans' anxiety of how America was expected to be, had become to them, and could seek to be once more.  Utilizing a conversational style, the creator permits the speaker and audience to associate with one another. The issue tended to is that America isn't the popularity based perfect of the entirety of its kin. The first speaker starts in a genuinely regular quatrain refrain; in any case, when the audience is permitted to react, the verses become sporadic demonstrating the energy felt just as the earnestness of the message. The audience's reaction contains the primary thought of the piece, contrasting the majority rule perfect with the states of the individuals who are casualties due to race, age, or financial status. The creator's cautious utilization of similar sounding word usage in expressions, for example, pushed separated (19) and subjugation's scars (20) stresses the battles and distance experienced by less blessed Americans.  The speaker starts the portrayal by saying something that America should come back to the optimistic way it used to be: Let it be the fantasy it used to be (2). At that point the storyteller keeps on relating nostalgically the aching for an America based on opportunity and equity for all. This could be simply the fantasy of the creator. Wagner conditions of the creator, Similar to his first bosses Whitman and Sandburg, similar to his individual dark Toomer, and like such huge numbers of other American artists of the period, Lan... ...tion in Depression (Ramperstad 371). Remarking on this sonnet and its creator, Langston Hughes, Ramperstad watches, Maybe his best sonnet of the thirties joined his will to transformation with his Whitman-like sentimentality for an evaporating America. Hughes gives us a more extravagant understanding of American vision, American authenticity, and what, America will be! (73).  Works Cited Hughes, Langston. Leave America Alone America Again. _Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing_. fourth ed. Eds. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1995. 723-24. Rampersad, Arnold. Langston Hughes. _Voices and Visions: the Poet in America_. Ed. Helen Vendler. New York: Random House, 1987. 352-93. Wagner, Jean. Langston Hughes. _Black Poets of the United States_. Trans. Kenneth Douglas. Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1973, 385-474. Â

Bell Hooks

She is pleased to call herself as â€Å"Black lady scholarly, progressive lobbyist. † Not a torch progressive, who ‘wields the gun’, yet a person who sits over the table with paper and pen to ignite scholarly upheaval! Chime Hooks has a place with the later class and she has demonstrated how for sure the pen is mightier than the blade. She has illuminated numerous types of racialism, open and with a concealed plan. For the predominant, disgraceful states of the Black Women, she doesn't fault the â€Å"white supremacist industrialist patriarchy† alone.She takes the bludgeons against the Black freedom battle and the standard Feminist development. She knows about the quality of her sentiments and has prevailing with regards to making the effect by utilizing the electronic mediaâ€she has showed up on TVs, took part in the radio projects. She is keen on communicating with the scholarly class, yet she is exceptionally worried to arrive at the normal man. Along these lines she says, â€Å"We are taking a gander at a culture where a huge number of individuals don’t read or write.† She has fortunately utilized the broad communications for spreading what she accepted to be reality, simultaneously she has not saved it, for the questionable jobs they play by and large to advance prejudice and sexism. Development the socio-profound Bell Hook: She soaked up the poet’s vision by broadly perusing artists like William Wordsworth, Langston Hughes, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Gwendolyn Brooks, directly from adolescence. The enthusiasm and feelings in her discussions and composing might be because of the kindhearted impact of the writing of such poets.Each and each particle of her body and soul appears to have been overcharged with optimism. This separated, the commonsense, hard encounters of her life have made her an extremist pragmatist. â€Å"She wrote in Sisters of the Yam that life in her locale included ‘an ev er-present and profound commitment with the magical components of Christian faith’ and that, ‘despite the sexism of that isolated Black world, the universe of otherworldliness was one where Black ladies instructors, ministers, and healers worked with as much expertise, force, and second sight as their Black male friends. ’(Article, Black†¦. )Ringer Hooks is a unique scholar and she is eager to challenge any set-up that gives the optional status to the Black Women. She doesn’t want the dark ladies to be adherents, howsoever splendid might be their thoughts for liberation of the ladies. She wants dark ladies to be first among the equivalents. She is ever prepared to battle bogus portrayals. She underlines how race and class play as large as a job as genderâ€and distinctively draws image of the subjection of poor and non-white ladies. To contend her focuses, she takes the contextual analyses from the most unforeseen spot her very own encounters and ex amples.She knows how severe the bark is, on the grounds that she has been constrained to bite its juice! Her primary grouse and concern is about the dread of the dark individuals. The mental enduring of the dark individuals is more significant for her than their monetary situation. Are the Blacks inferiors to the white individuals? Such a hazardous and mortifying reasoning in regards to the Blacks, profoundly stresses her deeply. She wants for a social reaction from the whites, where one can feel the authentic changes in their idea process.Only when their musings are changed, their psyches will change. At the point when the brains change, the men will change. At the point when men change, the general public additionally changes. At the point when society improves, one can expect the authentic, others conscious changes in America, with respect to connection among Whites and Blacks. â€Å"Black ladies have frequently gone to medications and liquor instead of recognize their requireme nt for suitable emotionally supportive networks. †¦. At the point when injured people meet up in gatherings to make change, our aggregate battle is frequently sabotaged by every one of that has not been managed emotionally.â€Å"(Article, Black†¦) Here, Bell Hooks talks as though she has wore the mantle of a progressive worker's organization chief! Be that as it may, again she shields her line of activity a novel way. She isn't content with the word battle. She terms it giving it a second thought, adoring, and prospering. With such fine moving articulations, Bell claims to the head and heart of the Black masses. She broadcasts that support in real life with cheer is superior to withdrawal and renunciation of activity for self-improvement. â€Å"My thought of a delectable time is to peruse a book that is wonderful.And then I have the typical interests: sentiment, fashion†¦I'm a major design young lady. Furthermore, I'm truly into craftsmanship and profoundly into cul ture. I am energetic about carrying on with my existence with a specific nature of polish and elegance. In any case, the decision energy of my life is being a searcher after truth and the perfect. That tempers everything else. † (Article, Black†¦) She talks with the authority of an authentic otherworldly pioneer. Just those people, who are inside solid and ethically right, can be that philosophical and practical.She is on the edge of the brain obstruction and she will encounter the awesome once she rises above it. She has the makings of a universal socio-otherworldly pioneer. Chime Hooks and gangsta rap: As for her projects, Bell Hooks is strongly preferred or sharply abhorred. Having once welcomed for any talk task/talk with, she doesn’t get rehash solicitations. It is the ‘reward’ for her harsh analysis of racial oppressor entrepreneur male centric society. She says, â€Å"To white ruled broad communications, the debate over gangsta rap makes extrao rdinary spectacle.Besides the misuse of these issues to draw in crowds, a focal inspiration for featuring gangsta rap keeps on being the sentimentalist show of trashing dark youth culture as a rule and the commitments of youthful dark men in particular†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ When I counter this deionization of dark guys by demanding that gangsta rap doesn't show up in a social vacuum, in any case, rather, is expressive of the social intersection, mixings, and commitment of dark youth culture with the qualities, perspectives, and worries of the white dominant part, a few people stop listening.† (McGee, 1994) Conclusion: Bell Hooks talks with bunches of conviction, and says in clear terms what is the crucial her life. She alerts the Black Women and cautions about the perils ahead. She hits out at the dark guys too, for their selling out for the veritable reason for government assistance of the dark race. She doesn’t save anybody including the Clinton organization, when she says, à ¢â‚¬Å"Feminist studies of the sexism and sexism in gangsta rap, and in all parts of mainstream society, must keep on being strong and fierce.Black females must not be hoodwinked into supporting poo that harms us under the pretense of remaining next to our men. In the event that dark men are deceiving us through demonstrations of male savagery, we spare ourselves and the race by standing up to. However, our women's activist scrutinizes of dark male sexism flop as significant political mediation in the event that they look to vilify dark guys, and don't perceive that our progressive work is to change racial oppressor entrepreneur male controlled society in the numerous aspects of our lives where it is made show, regardless of whether in gangsta rap, the dark church, or the Clinton administration.† (Article, 1994) ========= References Cited: Article: Black lady, Intellectual, Revolutionary Activist-Bell Hooks: †¦ www. allaboutbell. com †7k McGee, Arthur R. Article: Race and Ethnicity: snares: Misogyny, Gangsta†¦ (March 9, 1994). .. race. eserver. organization/sexism. html †28k †Article: Bell Hooks †Misogyny, gangsta rap, and The Piano. Z Magazine, February 1994 †¦ www. allaboutbell. com/Misogyny. htm †22k â€

75 Items You May Be Able to Deduct from Your Tax

75 Items You May Be Able to Deduct from Your Tax INTRODUCTION Th?r? ?r? a couple ?f thing? ?n? ??uld ?lw??? d?du?t fr?m th?ir t?x??. With th? r???nt t?x law changes related t? th? T?x Cut? and J?b? A?t ?f 2017 in?r???ing ?t?nd?rd d?du?ti?n ?m?unt?, it i? im??rt?nt t? und?r?t?nd ways to r?du?? your taxable in??m?.A t?x d?du?ti?n i? ????nti?ll? a r?du?ti?n in in??m? th?t i? ?ubj??t t? state ?nd f?d?r?l in??m? taxes. B? d??r???ing your t?t?l t?x?bl? income, t?x d?du?ti?n? ??n r?du?? the ?m?unt ?f in??m? tax ??u w?uld h?v? otherwise owed.T?x d?du?ti?n? ?r? most commonly a r??ult ?f ??m? bu?in??? r?l?t?d ?x??n???, but th?? ?r? also a w?? thr?ugh whi?h th? g?v?rnm?nt ?r?vid?? ?n in??ntiv? f?r ????l? t? ??rti?i??t? in activities th?t h?v? greater ???i?t?l b?n?fit.S?m? examples in?lud? making charitable donations, ??ting f?r m?r? ?nvir?nm?nt?ll? fri?ndl? purchases ?nd ?v?n ??ving? f?r retirement.Wh?t Does It M??n If Something I? T?x D?du?tibl??  If ??m?thing i? t?x-d?du?tibl?, it m?? reduce your in??m? t?x bill b? r?du?ing ??ur t?x?bl? inc ome (?l?? kn?wn ?? ??ur adjusted gr??? in??m? ?r AGI).M?n? ????l? ??n?id?r t?x deductions ?? a tool only u??d by th? rich ?nd f?m?u?, but th?? are mi?t?k?n.In f??t, there ?r? plenty of tax deductions ?v?il?bl? for middl?- ?nd l?w?r-in??m? families. S?m? common t?x d?du?tibl? it?m? ?r? things lik? ??m? health in?ur?n?? premiums, ?h?rit?bl? gift? ?nd donations, and r???id mortgage ?r ?tud?nt l??n interest.Whether or not a t?x-d?du?tibl? ?x??n?? ultim?t?l? r?du??? th? in??m? t?x you owe d???nd? ?n ??v?r?l f??t?r?.The bigg??t differentiator in tax deductions i? wh?th?r a taxpayer d??id?? t? take th? ?t?nd?rd deduction or t? it?miz? their d?du?ti?n?. H?w?v?r, if ?n it?m is tax d?du?tibl? ?nd you h?v? t?x?bl? in??m?, ??u will most likely ??v? ?n your in??m? t?x??.Wh?t is the Difference b?tw??n “? Tax D?du?ti?n” ?nd “? T?x Cr?dit”?   B?th t?x d?du?ti?n? ?nd tax ?r?dit? can l?w?r your income tax bill, but they do ?? in different ways.As ?t?t?d ?b?v?, tax d?du?ti?n? ??n l?w?r your in ??m? tax bill b? lowering the ?m?unt ?f income that i? ?ubj??t t? t?x??. A? such, the r?du?ti?n in t?x?? ?w?d i? ??uiv?l?nt t? th? t?t?l amount ??u have in t?x deductions tim?? your m?rgin?l tax r?t?.A t?x ?r?dit, on th? ?th?r h?nd, dir??tl? r?du??? the income t?x?? ??u ?w? d?ll?r-f?r-d?ll?r. At such, t?x ?r?dit? ?r? mu?h more v?lu?bl? and also mu?h l??? ??mm?n.Income t?x credits r?du?? ??ur federal income tax after your t?x has already b??n calculated, which m?k?? th?m a ??w?rful t??l f?r bringing down ??ur tax bill. Ch??k ?ut thi? page f?r m?r? inf?rm?ti?n ?n income t?x ?r?dit?.But that i? not to ??? th?t t?x deductions ?r?nt viable.If u??d wi??l?, they can not only save ??u money ?n ??ur t?t?l t?x bill, but th?? ??n ?l?? h?l? you fund ??ur r?tir?m?nt.H?R? ?R? 75 IT?M? ??U M?? B? ?BL? TO D?DU?T FR?M ??UR TAXAccounting feesAccounting f??s v?ri?? d???nding ?n th? amount of work ?nd on the tax ?r???r?r.Th?r? ?r? diff?r?nt ?x??n??? that ??u in?ur right fr?m th? ?t?g? ?f ??l?ul?ting th ? tax payable ?m?unt to filling forms, ?nd then fin?ll? g?tting th? t?x deposited with th? g?v?rnm?nt.All ?x??n??? in?luding accounting ?x??n???, b??kk???ing ?x??n??? ?nd ?uditing ?x??n??? ??m? under accounting f??? tax d?du?ti?n?.Th?r?f?r?, you ??n d?du?t th??? fees from ??ur t?x?bl? in??m?.Adv?rti?ingY?u m?? deduct ?x??n??? f?r advertising ??ur bu?in???. It? im??rt?nt t? n?t? that the expenses for ?dv?rti?ing ?h?uld b? ?rdin?r? and reasonable.S?m? ?x?m?l?? w?uld b? ?rinting of business ??rd?, Y?ll?w P?g?? ?d?, newspaper advertisements, TV ?nd R?di? ?d? costs (in?luding ?r?du?ti?n ???t?), and ???t? f?r setting up your bu?in??? w?b?it?.Expenses for promotion activities, lik? ???n??ring l???l ?v?nt?, special ?v?nt? t? bring ????l? t? ??ur bu?in??? ?r? ?ubli?it? ???t?.C??t? for m??l? ?nd entertainment for ?r?m?ti?n ??tiviti?? are n?t ?ubj??t t? th? 50% limit on m??l? ?nd ?nt?rt?inm?nt for bu?in??? tr?v?l.F?r ?x?m?l?, if ??u h?v? a grand ???ning ?v?nt f?r ??ur l???l ??mmunit? th?t incl udes a meal and entertainment, the IRS ??n?id?r? thi? ?dv?rti?ing, ?nd you ??n d?du?t the full cost of th? ?v?nt, in?luding f??d ?nd ?nt?rt?inm?nt.Th? IRS says ??ur business ??n u?u?ll? d?du?t the ???t ?f g??dwill ?dv?rti?ing t? k??? ??ur name in fr?nt of th? ?ubli?. F?r ?x?m?l?, ?n ?d by an achoholic bervage ??m??n? ?r?m?ting r????n?ibl? drinking can be d?du?ted.Am?rtiz?ti?nAm?rtiz?ti?n is the same process ?? d??r??i?ti?n, ?nl? for int?ngibl? ????t? th??? items that have v?lu?, but th?t you ??nt touch.F?r ?x?m?l?, a ??t?nt ?r trademark has value, as d??? g??dwill. The IRS h?? d??ign?t?d ??rt?in int?ngibl? assets ?? ?ligibl? for amortization over 15 ???r?, ????rding t? Section 197 ?f th? Int?rn?l Revenue C?d?.Th? ?nl? intangible ????t th?t i? n?t amortized is g??dwill. Th?t? because g??dwill ??nt b? ??l?ul?t?d until th? business is ??ld ?r changes h?nd?.Auto ?x??n???Y?u ??n d?du?t int?r??t ?n an ?ut? l??n, r?gi?tr?ti?n ?nd property t?x f???, ?nd also ??rking ?nd t?ll? in addition t o the ?t?nd?rd mileage r?t? d?du?ti?n, as long ?? you ??n prove that th?? ?r? bu?in??? expenses.Here’s a li?t ?f auto-related ?x??n??? you might incur.Gas and oil,Maintenance and repairs,Tir??,R?gi?tr?ti?n fees ?nd t?x??,Li??n???,Vehicle l??n int?r??t,In?ur?n??,Rental ?r lease ???m?nt?,Depreciation,G?r?g? r?nt,Tolls ?nd ??rking f???.Generally, th? ??r??nt?g? ?f tim? (based on mil??) that th? vehicle i? used f?r business d?t?rmin?? th? d?du?tibl? ??rti?n ?f th??? ?x??n???Bad d?bt? that ??u ??nn?t collectIn th? n?rm?l course ?f bu?in???, ??m??ni?? ?r? ?ft?n obliged t? ?xt?nd ?r?dit t? th?ir customers ?nd clients, ??m? ?f whom will in?vit?bl? ?truggl? t? ??? th?ir bill?.F?r th??? who do n?t ???, th? T?x Code ?r?vid?? relief in the f?rm of a d?du?ti?n for bu?in??? bad d?bt? ?n receivables th?t r??ult from the ??l? ?f goods ?nd ??rvi??? with ?th?r bu?in???-r?l?t?d l??n?.In most cases, a bu?in??? b?d d?bt m?? ?nl? b? ?l?im?d if the amount ?w?d t? ??u w?? ?r?vi?u?l? in?lud?d in in??m? un der th? ???ru?l b??i? ?f accounting.Under the ???ru?l m?th?d, ?ll of ??ur billing? ?r? r???gniz?d as in??m?, regardless of wh?th?r th?? have b??n ??ll??t?d.B? d?finiti?n, th?r?f?r?, t?x?bl? in??m? ?lr??d? includes th? billing? fr?m ??ur non-paying customers.Once they are d??m?d un??ll??tibl?, a bad d?bt d?du?ti?n i? n??????r? in ?rd?r to remove th??? ?u?t?m?r? fr?m t?x?bl? in??m?.Thi? i? referred t? ?? the ????ifi? ?h?rg?-?ff (or dir??t write-off) m?th?d, which r??uir?? th?t ????ifi? ?u?t?m?r accounts be identified ?nd ?h?rg?d ?ff as partially or ??m?l?t?l? w?rthl???.Some bad d?bt? ?r? ??r??n?l in nature (i.?. n? bu?in??? ??nn??ti?n or ?ur????), ?u?h ?? loans t? individu?l?.As ?u?h, n?n-bu?in??? bad d?bt? are treated as ?h?rt-t?rm ???it?l losses ?n S?h?dul? D and ?r? th?r?b? limit?d t? $3,000 ($1,500 for m?rri?d filing separate t?x????r?) ??r ???r in th? ?b??n?? of ???it?l gains t? ?ff??t ?dditi?n?l l?????.Any ?x???? m?? be carried over t?, and d?du?t?d in subsequent ???r? ?ubj??t t ? th? $3,000/$1,500 annual limit.B?nking f???There ?r? tw? in?t?n??? in whi?h taxpayers ??n d?du?t a b?nk fee.The first is when ??u withdr?w fund? fr?m a ??rtifi??t? ?f d????it (CD) b?f?r? it reaches m?turit?. Th? b?nk m?? im???? ?n early withdr?w?l ??n?lt?, which is u?u?ll? ??uiv?l?nt t? ??v?r?l m?nth?’ worth ?f interest earnings.Thi? penalty ??n be t?x deducted.S???ndl?, th? IRS will ?l?? ?ll?w you to d?du?t th? r?nt?l ???t? ?f a safe deposit box if ??u u?? th? box to store t?x?bl? in??m?-?r?du?ing ?t??k?, bonds or inv??tm?nt-r?l?t?d ????r? and documents.If the ??f? d????it b?x i? u??d ?nl? t? ?t?r? j?w?ll?r?, ??r??n?l it?m? ?r t?x-?x?m?t ???uriti??, th? rental f??? ??nn?t be deducted. C?mm?n b?nking f??? such as m?nthl? service f???, ?v?rdr?ft f???, check-writing f??? and ATM f??? are n?t tax-deductible ?n ??r??n?l bank accounts.B??rd m??ting?A board meeting is ????ifi??ll? m??nt f?r ??m??n? directors. It is n?t a general b?d? meeting wh?r? ?nl? th? ?h?r?h?ld?r? m??t; but it is a m??ting wh?r? th? directors di??u?? about v?ri?u? issues ?nd futur? ?r?????t? of th? ??m??n?.Th? ?x??n??? related to the w?rking ?f a b??rd of dir??t?r? ?r? evidently termed ?? ordinary ?nd n??????r? ?x??nditur? of conducting bu?in??? ?? ??r Income T?x rul?? and are thus deductible.C?n a husband ?nd wif? ?l?im a tax d?du?ti?n for a ??r??r?t? board of dir??t?r? m??ting where they ?r? the only ??rti?i??nt?? W?ll, according t? th? IRS audit manual, th? ?n?w?r i? NO. P?r the IRS ?udit m?nu?l, “B??rd meetings between hu?b?nd ?nd wif? are n?t ?rdin?r? ?nd n??????r? bu?in??? ?x??n???, but ??r??n?l ?nt?rt?inm?nt ?x??n???, and are th?r?f?r? n?t d?du?tibl?Building r???ir? ?nd maintenanceS?l? ?r??ri?t?r?, businesses of ?ll ?iz?? ?nd rental ?r???rt? ?wn?r? can deduct expenses for r???ir? and maintenance ?f th?ir ?r???rt? ?nd equipment. The IRS i??u?d n?w r?gul?ti?n? th?t t??k ?ff??t in 2014.These new r?gul?ti?n? tight?n?d up the rules f?r h?w r???ir? and m?int?n?n?? ?x??n??? are deducted.I f a particular repair m?k?? ??ui?m?nt better, r??t?r?? the ?r???rt? t? it? n?rm?l condition, ?r adapts property t? a new or different u??, then the expense i? ???it?liz?d ?nd depreciated over ??v?r?l ???r?.Repair and m?int?n?n?? ?x??n??? th?t d? n?t fall und?r th? ??t?g?ri?? of b?tt?rm?nt?, restorations or adaptations can be d?du?t?d in full in th? ???r the ?x??n?? was ??id.G?n?r?ll?, you ??n d?du?t ?m?unt? ??id f?r repairs ?nd m?int?n?n?? t? t?ngibl? ?r???rt? if the amounts ??id ?r? not otherwise r??uir?d to be ???it?liz?d. (IRS.gov, Publi??ti?n 535, Bu?in??? Expenses, chapter 7, ???ti?n ?n R???ir ?nd M?int?n?n?? C??t?.)B? defining wh?t we can deduct in t?rm? of wh?t we are n?t r??uir?d t? ???it?liz?, thi? f?r??? u? t? ??k the question: d??? thi? ?x??n?? h?v? t? b? ???it?liz?d? If n?t, th?n w? ??n deduct it.Bu?in??? ?????i?ti?n membership du??If you r?gul?rl? shell ?ut ??ur h?rd-??rn?d wages t?w?rd the ???t ?f m?mb?r?hi? in a ?r?f???i?n?l organization, ??u ??n generally find t?x r? li?f by d?du?ting business ?????i?ti?n dues.However, the IRS ?ti?ul?t?? that the membership ?????i?t?d with th??? dues mu?t be ordinary ?nd n??????r? and ??tu?ll? h?l? ??u carry ?ut th? duti?? ?f ??ur trade. If ??ur m?tiv?ti?n f?r j?ining ?n organization i? primarily f?r ?l???ur? ?r for ???i?l purposes, those associated m?mb?r?hi? du?? ?r? n?t deductible.What ??rt? ?f ?ntiti?? are r?g?rd?d ?? professional ?rg?niz?ti?n??Th? IRS ???t? a considerably wid? n?t ?f qu?lif?ing organizations, including not ?nl? b?r and m?di??l associations and ?h?mb?r? ?f ??mm?r??, but boards ?f tr?d?, business l??gu??, ?ivi? or ?ubli? service ?rg?niz?ti?n? like th? Kiw?ni?, r??l estate boards ?nd trade associations.However, th? fr??ti?n of membership du?? th?t g??? t?w?rd l?bb?ing ?r ??liti??l ??tiviti??â€"?v?n when applicable t? ??ur ????ifi? lin? of bu?in???â€"i? n?t ??n?id?r?d a deductible expense.Business tr?v?lFor m?n? ?m?ll bu?in??? ?wn?r?, traveling a f?w times a ???r (?r even ?? ?ft?n ?? ?v?r? w??k ) i? a n?????it?.F?rtun?t?l?, ??u ??n deduct m?n? ?f ??ur bu?in??? expenses on ??ur taxes. As l?ng as you ?r? actually ??ndu?ting bu?in??? in a ?it? ?th?r th?n the one ??u liv? in, th? f?ll?wing business ?x??n??? g?n?r?ll? qualify ?? t?x-d?du?tibl?.Tr?n???rt?ti?n: Wh?th?r ??u fl?, t?k? a tr?in ?r bus, ?r r?nt a ??r t? g?t t? your business m??ting? or ??nf?r?n??, ??u ??n deduct the expense. Toll and ??rking f??? qualify, as w?ll. And don’t f?rg?t ??ur standard mil??g? r?t? d?du?ti?n. F?r ?v?r? mil? ??u drive for bu?in???, you ??n ?urr?ntl? deduct 57.5 ??nt?. This ?ff??t? wh?t you ???nd on g?? ?nd u?k??? on th? ??r (it counts wh?th?r it’? your ?wn ??r ?r a r?nt?l). T?xi rides ??unt t??, so m?k? sure to get a receipt.Meals: Th? IRS will let ??u d?du?t dining ?x??n???, within reason. A???rding t? th? IRS w?b?it?, the deduction f?r bu?in??? meals is g?n?r?ll? limited t? 50 ??r??nt ?f the ???t. S? b?f?r? ??u go f?r that $100 f???t, r??liz? that only h?lf qualifies f?r writ?-?ff.Lodgin g: Y?u ??n ?l?? writ? ?ff ??ur ????mm?d?ti?n?. B? ?ur? t? ??k for an it?miz?d bill when ??u ?h??k ?ut, b???u?? ??m? hotel ?x??n??? might b? ineligible, like ??ur trip t? th? mini b?r or m?vi? rental.C?nf?r?n?? F???, Equipment R?nt?l, ?nd Miscellany: An? expenses you in?ur th?t are n??????r? for your bu?in??? tri?, lik? r?gi?tr?ti?n for ?n ?v?nt, r?nting ??ui?m?nt for a presentation, ?r dry ?l??ning ?nd laundry f?r your business apparel, all qualify for t?x deduction.Expenses that ?r? not t?x d?du?tibl? include f?mil? tr?v?l expenses, ?x??n??? in ??ur home ?it? ?nd unreasonable expenses that w?r? n?t n??????r? f?r ??u to conduct businessC?f?t?ri? health-insurance plan (requires ?l?n)A ???ti?n 125 or ??f?t?ri? ?l?n allows employees to withh?ld a portion of th?ir pre-tax ??l?r? t? cover certain medical ?r child-care ?x??n???. Th??? b?n?fit? are fr?? from f?d?r?l ?nd ?t?t? income t?x??.Therefore ?n ?m?l????? t?x?bl? in??m? i? r?du??d, whi?h increases th? ??r??nt?g? ?f their take-home ?? ?.And b???u?? th? ?r?-t?x b?n?fit? ?r?nt ?ubj??t to f?d?r?l ???i?l ???urit? withh?lding taxes, employers win by n?t h?ving t? ??? FICA?r workers comp premiumson those d?ll?r?.Charitable d?du?ti?n? made for a business ?ur????An? business can m?k? ??ntributi?n? to charitable ?rg?niz?ti?n? but th?r? may b? limit? ?n these d?du?ti?n?, ?nd th? ??ntributi?n? m?? ?nl? be deductible to the individu?l ?wn?r?, not t? the business.The 2017 tax r?f?rm law h?? changed th? l?nd????? ?f ?h?rit?bl? giving. The standard d?du?ti?n h?? almost d?ubl?d for 2018 ?nd b???nd. The n?w ?t?nd?rd d?du?ti?n i? $12,000 for singles (u? fr?m $6,350 for 2017) ?nd $24,000 for m?rri?d ??u?l?? wh? file jointly (u? fr?m $12,700).While the in?r???? in the ?t?nd?rd d?du?ti?n i? ?u?????d to ?im?lif? tax r?turn filing, it also means th?t individu?l taxpayers, in?luding ?wn?r? ?f bu?in????? that are not ??r??r?ti?n?, have l??? in??ntiv? t? giv? to ?h?riti??.If you w?nt t? give ?nd g?t a d?du?ti?n, ??u mu?t it?miz? ?ll chari table deductions, in th? h??? ?f g?tting above th? standard d?du?ti?n amount.H?w th??? ??ntributi?n? are d?du?t?d ?nd whi?h t?x return th?? ?r? deducted from d???nd? ?n the t??? of organization.Cl??ning / j?nit?ri?l servicesClaiming a tax writ?-?ff for th? ???t? ??u incur purchasing ?l??ning ?u??li?? or hiring a service to d? th? ?l??ning f?r ??u i? n?t ?v?il?bl? if it’s a ??r??n?l ?x??n??, such ?? f?r th? ?l??ning of ??ur h?m?.H?w?v?r, th? write-off is permissible if ??u incur the expense t? clean a h?m? ?ffi??, a rental ?r???rt? or in a bu?in??? ??nt?xt.When you ???r?t? a bu?in??? ?ut of ??ur h?m? ?r your employer r??uir?? ??u to work r?m?t?l?, th? IRS ?ll?w? ??u to claim a portion ?f ??ur m?nthl? housing expenses in the h?m? ?ffi?? d?du?ti?n.The ?m?unt of ??ur annual housing ???t? th?t ?r? d?du?tibl? is equal to the ??r??nt?g? ??u ??l?ul?t? b? dividing th? square f??t?g? ?f the ????? ??u use exclusively for ??ur w?rk ?r bu?in??? by th? total ??u?r? f??t?g? ?f ??ur h?m?.Since ?? u ??n in?lud? th? ???t ?f ?ur?h??ing cleaning ?u??li?? ?r hiring a maid t? ?l??n ??ur ?ntir? h?m?, including th? home ?ffi??, multi?l? the ??r??nt?g? ??u calculate b? ??ur annual cleaning-related ???t? to get ??ur cleaning writ?-?ff.C?ll??ti?n Ex??n???C?ll??ti?n Ex??n??? m??n? all r????n?bl? ?ut-?f-???k?t ???t? ?r ?x??n??? (if ?n?) ?nd, if applicable, r????n?bl? tr?n???ti?n ???t? (in?luding reasonable l?g?l ?nd ????unting fees ?nd ?x??n???, ?nd t?x?? ??id or payable ?? a result thereof), in?urr?d or reasonably ?nti?i??t?d t? b? in?urr?d by th? C?m??n? in ??nn??ti?n with th? ??ll??ti?n, ?nf?r??m?nt, negotiation, ??n?umm?ti?n, ??ttl?m?nt, ?r????ding?, administration or ?th?r activity r?l?t?d t? th? r???i?t or ??ll??ti?n of the r?l?v?nt proceeds, ?? ???li??bl?.They are t?x d?du?tibl?.C?mmi??i?n? t? ?ut?id? ??rti??Y?u (as a business ?wn?r) may deduct ??mmi??i?n? and f??? ??id t? employees and independent ??ntr??t?r? f?r th?ir ??rvi???.F?r ?x?m?l?, if ??u ??id a broker a ??mmi??i?n to h? l? ??u bu? a bu?in???, thi? commission is deductible ?? a business ?x??n??.Or if ??u ??id a find?r? fee to someone f?r finding ??u a bu?in??? t? bu?, ??u m?? also d?du?t this ?m?unt.C?m?ut?r? ?nd tech ?u??li??PC?, ?rint?r?, ?nd ?th?r expensive t??h hardware ?r? ??n?id?r?d assets that retain v?lu? over several ???r?, but th? IRS giv?? ??u a ?h?i?? ?n how t? deduct th?ir ???t?.You ??n ?ith?r d??r??i?t? them, m??ning that you spread th? d?du?ti?n over th? numb?r ?f ???r? th? IRS considers to b? th? u??ful life of the it?m (thi? m?? not ?gr?? with your ??ini?n), ?r ??u can writ? th? ?ntir? ???t ?ff in one f?ll ?w??? ?? a S??ti?n 179 d?du?ti?n.How ??u ?h???? to ?r????d depends a lot on wh?t you expect ??ur in??m? ?nd ?th?r expenses t? l??k like g?ing f?rw?rd. Did you h?v? a big ???r, ?nd d? ??u w?nt t? l?w?r ??ur ?r?fit? t? minimiz? th? t?x bite?Go ahead ?nd t?k? th??? full Section 179 d?du?ti?n?.But r?m?mb?r, if ??u write ?v?r?thing off imm?di?t?l?, ??u will have l??? t? deduct n?xt ??? r ?nd th? ???r after.C?n?ulting f???You may deduct f??? ??id t? accountants, ?tt?rn??? ?r ?th?r professionals wh? ?r? independent ??ntr??t?r?, for ?rdin?r? ?nd n??????r? expenses of your bu?in???.This in?lud?? appraisers, ???t?m? ?n?l??t?, ??n?ult?nt?, and b??kk????r?.The IRS ????ifi??ll? li?t? ????unt?nt? ?nd attorneys under th? ??t?g?r? ?f l?g?l and ?r?f???i?n?l f???, but other ?r?f???i?n?l? ??n be included.Personal Ex??n???: Fees ??id t? ?r?f???i?n?l? f?r ??r??n?l ?dvi??, personal t?x??, ?r ??r??n?l l?g?l ??rvi??? ?r? n?t d?du?tibl? business ?x??n???. Thi? w?uld ???l? t? m?nthl? f??? (f?r b??kk???ing, for example) ?nd f?r annual ?r ?n?-tim? ???m?nt?.For ?x?m?l?, if ??u h?v? tax preparation f??? for b?th your bu?in??? and ??r??n?l taxes, ??ull n??d t? ????r?t? the cost b?tw??n th? tw? ??rti?n? ?f your return.Continuing education f?r yourself t? m?int?in li??n?ing ?nd improve skillsEducation ?x??n??? ?r? l?gitim?t? business expenses. M?n? employers ?r?vid? ?du??ti?n?l b?n?fit? f?r th?ir ?m?l?????.S?m? ?f these b?n?fit? ?r? for continuing ?du??ti?n, to m?int?in professional li??n???, or to gain new skills, credentials, ?r d?gr??? t? b?n?fit b?th the ?m?l???? ?nd ?m?l???r ?nd th??? ?x??n??? ?r? tax d?du?tibl?. S?lf-?m?l???d bu?in??? owners ?l?? m?? be ?bl? to d?du?t ?du??ti?n ?x??n???.Conventions ?nd trade ?h?w?Indu?tr? tr?d? ?h?w? are an awesome w?? for ?tt?nd??? t? g?in indu?tr? know-how ?nd fu?l th?ir professional ambitions. Fortunately our t?x rul?? ?ll?w a d?du?ti?n for all ?f th? ?rdin?r? and n??????r? ?x??n??? paid ?r incurred in ??rr?ing on a tr?d? ?r business.All th?t is required is a b?n? fid? bu?in??? purpose t? ?l?im th? t?x deductions. Y?u ??n ?l?im tax d?du?ti?n? f?r th? ???t ?f: Conference ?r trade show r?gi?tr?ti?n f???, St?nd?rd mileage f?r a v?hi?l? driven t? th? m??ting, trade ?h?w ?r ??nv?nti?n, Air, bu? ?r train f?r?, L?dging, in?luding ti??, 50 percent ?f meal ?x??n???, 50 percent of the ???t ?f ?nt?rt?ining ?u?t?m?r? or ?li?nt?Costs ?f go ods soldCosts in?lud? ?ll costs ?f ?ur?h???, ???t? ?f conversion ?nd other ???t? that ?r? in?urr?d in bringing the inv?nt?ri?? t? th?ir ?r???nt l???ti?n ?nd condition. Costs ?f g??d? made b? the businesses include material, l?b?ur, ?nd ?ll???t?d ?v?rh??d.C??t ?f g??d? ??ld is a r?du?ti?n in bu?in??? income, ?? th? high?r you ??n legitimately make ???t ?f goods sold, th? l??? in??m? you will h?v? t? ??? t?x?? ?n.Th? process ?f ??l?ul?ting ???t ?f goods ??ld i? the same f?r ?ll bu?in??? t????: Gather the inf?rm?ti?n needed f?r thi? calculation. You will need t? know th? valuation method, b?ginning ?nd ?nding inv?nt?r?, ?nd the ???t ?f l?b?ur and purchases. Th?n do the cost ?f goods ??ld calculation, which ?t?rt? with b?ginning inv?nt?r?, adding in ???t? ?f m?t?ri?l?, l?b?ur, ?nd ?th?r ???t? during th? ?nd, ?nd then ??l?ul?ting ending inventory.Where th? ??l?ul?ti?n ?f cost of g??d? ??ld i? d?n? d???nd? ?n the tax r?turn. For Schedule C (f?r ??l? ?r??ri?t?r? ?nd ?ingl?-m?mb?r LLC?), th ? ??l?ul?ti?n is d?n? in P?rt III.   F?r ?ll ?th?r bu?in??? t????, th? calculation i? d?n? ?n F?rm 1125-A.Cr?dit ??rd ??nv?ni?n?? feesBoth individuals ?nd bu?in????? can t?k? ?dv?nt?g? ?f certain tax rules t? d?du?t fees th?t ?r? in?urr?d through various credit ??rd tr?n???ti?n?. F?r example, ??u ??n deduct ?r?dit and d?bit card f??? in?urr?d if you ??id your individu?l f?d?r?l in??m? taxes ?l??tr?ni??ll?.Another d?du?ti?n i? ?v?il?bl? if a ?r?dit ??rd company im????? f??? on ??ur business for th? ??rvi?? ?f ?r?????ing charged sales. If ??u h?v? a business credit ??rd, ??u ?l?? qualify for deductions b???d on annual f??? ?nd l?t? f??? charged by your ?r?vid?r.D??r??i?ti?nD??r??i?ti?n allows small business ?wn?r? t? r?du?? the value ?f an asset ?v?r tim?, du? t? it? ?g?, wear ?nd t??r, ?r d????.It’? ?n annual in??m? t?x d?du?ti?n th?t’? li?t?d as an ?x??n?? ?n ?n income ?t?t?m?nt; you t?k? a d??r??i?ti?n d?du?ti?n b? filing F?rm 4562 with ??ur t?x r?turn.Assets th?t ?r? typically d??r??i?bl? include building?, computers, ?qui?m?nt, m??hin?r?, ?ffi?? furnitur? ?nd w?rk v?hi?l??, but ??u might ?l?? be ?bl? t? d??r??i?t? int?ngibl? ?r???rt? such ?? patents or ????right?, ????rding to th? IRS.Property that ??nn?t b? d??r??i?t?d includes land (since it d??? n?t g?t u??d u? ?nd it is n?t ?ubj??t to w??r and t??r), inv?nt?r? (?in?? it is m??nt for ??l?), ?nd l????d ?r???rt? (?in?? you d?n’t ?wn it).Dining during bu?in??? travelWh?n ??ur? ?n th? r??d, th?r?? n?thing more ?nj???bl? than a good m??l. But the food will lik?l? taste ?v?n b?tt?r if ??u ??n d?du?t the ???t fr?m your t?x??. Meal ?x??n??? in?urr?d while tr?v?lling f?r business ?r? partly deductible, but ??u mu?t f?ll?w ?tri?t IRS rul??.The IRS figur?? that wh?th?r ??u’r? ?t home ?r away ?n a bu?in??? trip, you h?v? t? ??t. B???u?? h?m? meals ?rdin?ril? ?r?n’t d?du?tibl?, the IRS won’t let ??u deduct ?ll of your food ?x??n??? whil? tr?v?ling. In?t??d, ??u can d?du?t ?nl? 50% ?f your m??l ?x??n??? wh ile ?n a bu?in??? tri?.Th?r? ?r? two ways to calculate your m??l ?x??n?? d?du?ti?n: Y?u ??n keep tr??k ?f ??ur ??tu?l ?x??n??? ?r u?? a d?il? r?t? ??t by the f?d?r?l g?v?rnm?nt.Di???unt? t? ?u?t?m?r?Bu?in??? discounts do n?t ?ff?r direct tax b?n?fit? f?r ??ur ?m?ll business.Customer di???unt? ?n goods and services ??n help ??ur ?m?ll bu?in??? ??rn m?r? money in th? l?ng t?rm ?nd may ?ll?w ??u t? devote ???it?l t? ?r?gr?m? that ??n earn your ??m??n? a t?x ?r?dit ?r tw? in th? years t? come.Edu??ti?n and tr?ining f?r employees (new)An ?m?l???r that trains a new worker ?r ?n existing worker for n?w duties incurs what our t?x l?w? ??n?id?r “ordinary and n??????r?” t?x d?du?tibl? bu?in??? ?x??n???. Therefore, you ??n d?du?t those ?x??n??? fr?m ??ur tax.Em?l???? wagesGenerally ????king, the ??l?ri??, wages, ??mmi??i?n?, ?nd b?nu??? you h?v? paid t? the ?m?l????? ?f ??ur ?m?ll bu?in??? are t?x-d?du?tibl? ?x??n??? if they are deemed t? b?: ordin?r? ?nd n??????r?, reasonable in ?m?unt, p aid f?r ??rvi??? ??tu?ll? ?r?vid?d, ?nd ??tu?ll? paid ?r incurred in th? ???r f?r whi?h ??u claim th? d?du?ti?nTh? ???r in which you ?l?im th? d?du?ti?n d???nd?, in part, u??n whether ??ur bu?in??? uses th? ???h ?r ???ru?l ????unting m?th?d?.Ent?rt?inm?nt f?r ?u?t?m?r? ?nd clientsA ?ru?i?l part of business i? building and nurturing r?l?ti?n?hi?? with ?li?nt?. Whil? d?ing thi?, the business ?wn?r? meet ?li?nt?, customers ?nd bu?in??? ??rtn?r? during ???i?l ?v?nt? ?nd occasions.Th? ?x??n??? incurred ?n th??? ?r? considered by the IRS for t?x ?x?m?ti?n. Tax deductions and considerations ?r? v?r? essential ??rt ?f bu?in??? interactions.Bu?in??? ?wn?r? ?nd employees ?r? ?ll?w?d to take a federal tax d?du?ti?n that ?m?unt? t? half ?f their ?u?lif?ing costs wh?n th?? ?nt?rt?in th?ir customers and ?li?nt?.Alth?ugh th? IRS d??? n?t allow complete t?x d?du?ti?n, but ???r?xim?t?l? 50% ?f d?du?ti?n i? allowed ?n ?ll kind? of entertainment.Equi?m?ntWhen ??u bu? equipment ?r m??hin?r? f?r busines s u???, you can g?t tax d?du?ti?n? for th?t. Th??? deductions are b??i??ll? depreciation, th? expense ?f bu?ing property over a ??rt?in number ?f years.Th??? d?du?ti?n? ??n ??v? you money on ??ur business tax r?turn. Ev?n b?tt?r, ??u m?? be ?bl? t? take bigg?r deductions in th? ???r wh?n ??u fir?t bought and b?g?n u?ing th? ??ui?m?nt.Equipment repairsR???ir ?nd m?int?n?n?? ???t? ?r? g?n?r?ll? d?du?tibl?.M?r??v?r, th?r? i? a ??f? h?rb?ur f?r tr??ting r?utin? m?int?n?n?? ???t? ?? ?urr?nt deductions if th? activities r??ur ?t least once a year ?v?r a 10-???r ??ri?d.Repairing damage t? ?r???rt? that i? reimbursed by in?ur?n?? is n?t d?du?tibl?, but i? ??n?id?r?d a ???u?lt? l???.Exhibit? f?r publicityFor ?x?m?l?, freelancers ?h?w???ing th?ir work might ?ut ?n ?r participate in ?n ?xhibit, gallery showing, ?r similar ?v?nt. Since thi? i? f?r bu?in??? purpose, it i? t?x deductible.Family m?mb?r?’ w?g??Y?u can turn ??m? ?f ??ur high-taxed in??m? into t?x-fr?? or l?w-t?x?d income by shifti ng some ?f your bu?in??? ??rning? to a child ?? wages f?r ??rvi??? ??rf?rm?d by him or h?r.In ?rd?r f?r ??ur business to d?du?t the wages ?? a business ?x??n??, the w?rk done b? the ?hild must be legitimate ?nd th? childs salary mu?t b? r????n?bl?.Fr?n?hi?? f??? (new)When ??u ?t?rt a fr?n?hi?? bu?in???, ??u ??? a f?? t? the fr?n?hi??r f?r th? use ?f it? ?r?du?t?, br?nd ?nd m?rk?ting.Ong?ing, regular f??? ??id to a franchisor ?r?, under certain conditions, deductible.If a fr?n?hi?? bu?in??? ???? a royalty based on ??l?? ?r ?r?du?tivit?, ?t least annually ?nd in substantially ??u?l ?m?unt?, th?n the business ??n claim that fee ?? a bu?in??? ?x??n??.Freight or shipping ???t?Shi??ing costs include m?n?? a company ???? to convey goods fr?m corporate w?r?h?u??? to ?u?t?m?r? storage facilities.In th? IRS Tax Guid? f?r Small Business, f?r fil?r? who u?? Schedule C, instructions for figuring th? ???t ?f g??d? ??ld li?t ?hi??ing as a d?du?tibl? ?x??n?? t? be added into the total.Furnitur? or fixturesB?ing in bu?in??? ?ft?n m??n? you n??d an ?ffi??. Offi?? furniture, b?ing necessary f?r the bu?in???, i? treated ?? a bu?in??? expense. Thi? ?x??n?? is deductible ?n your t?x r?turn.Gift? f?r ?u?t?m?r? ($25 d?du?ti?n limit f?r ???h)Th? IRS ?ll?w? ??ur bu?in??? t? deduct u? t? $25 for bu?in??? gift? you give to ?n? one ??r??n ??r ???r. Th?r? i? n? limit on h?w many people ??u can give bu?in??? gift? to during the ???r, nor ?n h?w mu?h you ???nd f?r th??? gifts, although ??ur bu?in??? gift deduction is limit?d t? $25 ??r r??i?i?nt.Th?t means if ??u giv? your customer a $50 gift basket, b? prepared to ??ttl? f?r a $25 deduction. If, during th? ??ur?? ?f a ???r, ??u giv? two gifts t? a ?u?t?m?r â€" ?n? worth $10 and one w?rth $15 â€" ??u can ?till claim th? maximum $25 d?du?ti?n.Th? $25 limit d??? n?t include in?id?nt?l ???t?, ?u?h as ???k?ging, gift-wr???ing, ?ngr?ving, ?r m?iling costs. C??t? are ??n?id?r?d in?id?nt?l if th?? d?n’t add substantial value to a gift.Gr?u? insur ance (if qualifying)A life ?r h??lth in?ur?n?? ??li?? i? owned b? an employee, but th? ?r?mium? ?r? paid b? th? ?m?l???r.The ?r?mium? are treated ?? taxable income to the ?m?l????, but ?nl? the ?m?l???r ??n ?l?im the premium paid for th? gr?u? in?ur?n?? ??li?? ?? a tax d?du?ti?n as a reasonable business ?x??n??.An ?m?l???? is n?t ?ntitl?d to its exemption und?r the h??lth ??v?r ?r?vid?d b? ?n employer.Health insuranceS?m? t?x????r? ??n d?du?t th? cost ?f the h??lth insurance ?r?mium? th?? ???. Eligibilit? rul?? depend on wh?th?r you’re an ?m?l???? ?r ??lf-?m?l???d, ?nd wh?th?r ??u ??id f?r ??ur in?ur?n?? u?ing ?r?-t?x dollars ?r ???t-t?x dollars.H?m? ?ffi??If ??u u?? ??rt of ??ur h?m? regularly ?nd exclusively f?r bu?in???-r?l?t?d ??tivit?, the IRS l?t? ??u write off ?????i?t?d rent, utiliti??, r??l estate t?x??, repairs, m?int?n?n?? ?nd other r?l?t?d ?x??n???.Int?r??tA b?rr?wing ?x??n?? th?t a t?x????r can ?l?im on a federal or state t?x r?turn t? reduce taxable income.T???? ?f i nterest that are t?x d?du?tibl? include m?rtg?g? interest f?r both first and ????nd (h?m? ?quit?) mortgages, mortgage int?r??t for inv??tm?nt properties, ?tud?nt loan interest, ?nd th? int?r??t ?n ??m? bu?in??? l??n?, in?luding bu?in??? ?r?dit cards.P?r??n?l credit ??rd interest, ?ut? loan interest ?nd other t???? ?f ??r??n?l consumer int?r??t ?r? not t?x d?du?tibl?.Internet hosting and ??rvi???The Int?rn?l R?v?nu? S?rvi?? ?ll?w? taxpayers t? deduct Internet-related costs ?n th?ir t?x r?turn?, wh?th?r th? taxpayer run? a ?m?ll bu?in??? from th?ir home, or i? an employee who uses th? Internet t? do w?rk for ?n office-based j?b from th?ir home.Taxpayers ??n ?nl? d?du?t th? portion of th?ir Int?rn?t ?????? f??? that r?l?t? t? th?ir w?rk. In addition, business ?wn?r? can u?u?ll? d?du?t ?th?r Int?rn?t-r?l?t?d ?x??n???, ?u?h as domain r?gi?tr?ti?n fees. Inv??tm?nt ?dvi?? ?nd fees.L?g?l feesC?rt?in l?g?l fees are t?x d?du?tibl? once th?? are d??m?d ordinary ?nd n??????r? bu?in??? expenses. Legal fees paid t? help ??ur business reputation ??uld be a bu?in??? ?r inv??tm?nt expense.Bu?in??? l?g?l f??? ?r? th? b??t, for th?? ?r? fully deductible by ?v?r??n?: corporations, LLC?, ??rtn?r?hi?? and even proprietorships.Li??n?? f???Priv?t? eyes, doctors, lawyers ?nd fun?r?l dir??t?r? ?r? among the ?r?f???i?n? that r??uir? ?t?t? licensing.Other careers r?quir? a f?d?r?l li??n??, ?nd opening a bu?in??? in a particular t?wn or ??unt? ?ft?n r?quir?? taking out a local license.When you pay t?x ?n your bu?in??? income, you can li?t ?n? license fees ??u pay ?? a valid deduction.L????? due t? theftY?u can ?l?im ???u?lt? and th?ft l????? ?n ??r??n?l property as it?miz?d d?du?ti?n?. You can ?nl? d?du?t l????? n?t r?imbur??d ?r reimbursable b? in?ur?n?? ?r ?th?r m??n?.Y?u’ll n??d to subtract $100 fr?m ???h casualty loss of ??r??n?l ?r???rt?. The t?t?l ?f ??ur ???u?lt? ?nd theft l????? ?n ??r??n?l ?r???rt? mu?t be more th?n 10% of ??ur ?dju?t?d gr??? in??m? (AGI).Oth?rwi??, ??u can’t ?l?im a deduction f?r th?t ??rti?n ?f the l??? ?b?v? the limit.M?n?g?m?nt feesWhen ??u ?wn r?nt?l ?r???rt?, it involves far m?r? th?n ?im?l? ??ll??ting th? rent each month ?nd ???ing th? buildings expenses: You mu?t also screen ?r?????tiv? tenants, ?ddr??? th?ir complaints ?nd m?int?in the ?r???rt?.Thi? j?b may b? tim? ??n?uming, which is wh? owners often ??t to hir? a ?r???rt? m?n?g?m?nt company t? h?ndl? th??? day-to-day ???r?ti?n?. If you go this route, though it? an additional expense, it? ?l?? a l?gitim?t? d?du?ti?n ?n your taxes.M?t?ri?l?The Internal R?v?nu? S?rvi?? ?ll?w? a tax d?du?ti?n f?r m?t?ri?l items d?n?t?d in cases of ?hur?h?? if th? ?hur?h qualifies and ??u fulfil all ?th?r legal requirementsM?int?n?n??Y?u can generally claim an imm?di?t? deduction (that i?, ?g?in?t your ?urr?nt ???r? income) f?r your expenses related m?int?n?n?? of th? property, including interest ?n l??n?.T? ?l?im deductions for ?x??n???, your ?r???rt? must in?lud? a dw?lling th?t i? r?nt?d ?r ?v? il?bl? for rent â€" f?r ?x?m?l?, advertised f?r r?nt. If ??ur? building a rental dw?lling, ??u ??n ?l?im d?du?ti?n? f?r the l?nd whil? ??u ?r? building.M?di??l ?x??n??? (with ?l?n)Individu?l? ??n d?du?t m?di??l ?x??n??? for themselves, their spouse and th?ir dependents ?? ?n itemized d?du?ti?n.Additi?n?ll?, t?x????r? ??n deduct medical ?x??n??? f?r a person wh? did n?t qualify ?? a d???nd?nt th?ugh otherwise might h?v? in the following ?ir?um?t?n???: Your ?hild whom you d? not ?l?im as a d???nd?nt b???u?? of th? rul?? for ?hildr?n ?f div?r??d ?r ????r?t?d ??r?nt?. “An? person ??u ??uld h?v? ?l?im?d as a d???nd?nt ?n ??ur r?turn except th?t ??r??n r???iv?d $3,900 ?r more ?f gross income ?r fil?d a joint return. An? ??r??n ??u ??uld h?v? ?l?im?d ?? a d???nd?nt except that ??u or ??ur spouse if filing jointly can be ?l?im?d as a dependent ?n someone ?l??? r?turn (fr?m th? In?tru?ti?n? f?r S?h?dul? A).M?rtg?g? int?r??t ?n bu?in??? ?r???rt?If ??u it?miz?, ??u ??n u?u?ll? deduct the int ?r??t you ??? ?n a m?rtg?g? f?r a bu?in??? property.M?vingM?ving f??? ?r? u?u?ll? tax d?du?tibl?. T? d?t?rmin? who’s ?ligibl?, th? IRS h?? ??t u? two tests.P??? th?m ?nd you can ???h in; f?il and ??u h?v? t? ??t all the costs ?f ??ur move. Keep in mind, the IRS lets ??u t?k? this deduction only if ??u are m?ving because ?f a j?b. And it d???n’t matter if it’? a new j?b, th? same j?b ?r your fir?t j?b.N?w?????r? ?nd m?g?zin??Sub??ri?ti?n? to m?g?zin??, n?w?????r?, j?urn?l?, n?w?l?tt?r?, ?nd ?imil?r ?ubli??ti?n? ??n b? a d?du?tibl? expense.This includes Internet-based ?ub??ri?ti?n? f?r w?b?it??.H?w?v?r, du? t? ?h?ng?? in th? t?x l?w? br?ught about by the T?x Cut? and Jobs A?t, th?? ?r? deductible ?nl? if ?ur?h???d f?r a business.Offi?? ?u??li?? ?nd expensesOffice ?u??li?? ?r? t?ngibl? ?bj??t? that aid in th? operation of ??ur bu?in???. Offi?? ?u??li?? can include printer ink, ????r clips, paper ?nd ?t??l??. Furnitur?, ?u?h as a d??k ?r chair, are considered office supplies if th e item i? u??d ??l?l? f?r th? bu?in???.The IRS ?ll?w? ?m?ll-bu?in??? owners to d?du?t 100 ??r??nt ?f ?ffi?? ?u??li?? but r??uir?? you t? r?t?in ?ll receipts for th? ?u??li??.Out?id? ??rvi???There i? n? specific d?finiti?n f?r outside ??rvi???. It is a ??t?h?ll t?rm f?r t??k? you ??id an ind???nd?nt contractor t? ??rf?rm. Th? t??k? ??u hire ?ut t? ind???nd?nt? ??rt?inl? ?u?lif? for a tax d?du?ti?n.Ex?m?l?? in?lud?: fees ??id to sub- and ind???nd?nt contractors, f??? ??id f?r additional project support etc.P??r?ll t?x?? for ?m?l?????, including Social S??urit?, Medicare t?x?? ?nd unemployment taxesD?du?ti?n? can be ??id with ?r?-t?x d?ll?r? ?r ?ft?r-t?x d?ll?r?, d???nding ?n the t??? of b?n?fit thats b?ing ??id f?r.Some ?r?-t?x d?du?ti?n? reduce wages subject t? f?d?r?l in??m? tax, whil? other d?du?ti?n? r?du?? wages ?ubj??t to Social Security ?nd Medicare t?x?? as well. IRS Publi??ti?n? 15 and 15-B ?x?l?in which b?n?fit? are pre-tax f?r various ?ur?????, ?nd ?r?f???i?n?l gr?d? ???r?l l software will h?l? ??u k??? track ?f all tax-related ???r?ll calculations.P?rking ?nd t?ll?You can add th? ???t ?f t?ll? and ??rking you incur for business tr?v?l. But ??u ??nt include ?n? ?f th? ???t? ?????i?t?d with commuting to ?nd from ??ur regular ?l??? ?f business.P?n?i?n plansThe Int?rn?l R?v?nu? S?rvi?? ?ll?w? bu?in????? t? establish retirement ?l?n? f?r their employees that ?r? tax d?du?tibl?, ?r?vid?d the ?l?n? adhere to IRS C?d? 401(?) and th? Em?l???? Retirement In??m? S??urit? Act, ?r ERISA.An ?m?l???? can d?t?rmin? wh?th?r their ??ntributi?n int? th?ir ??n?i?n ?l?n i? d?du?tibl? b? asking th?ir ?m?l???r if th?? have received a “Determination Letter” fr?m the IRS t? ensure they ?r? ??v?r?d und?r a “qualified ?l?n” for t?x ?ur?????.P??t?g?To take a d?du?ti?n for ?hi??ing and handling ?x??n???, ??u mu?t b? in?urring th? ?x??n?? in connection with a trade or bu?in???. Th? methodology b? whi?h you ?l?im th? d?du?ti?n d???nd? on th? kind ?f business you run.If you ?r? a sole ?r??ri?t?r, ??u w?uld ?l?im th? ?x??n?? ?n ??ur ??r??n?l in??m? t?x r?turn.H?w?v?r, if ??u are the owner ?f a ??r??r?ti?n, ??u w?uld claim th? ?x??n?? on ??ur corporate income t?x r?turnPublicityU?u?ll?, you ??n d?du?t ?dv?rti?ing expenses ?n your small bu?in??? t?x r?turn. With ?n ?dv?rti?ing tax writ? off. Adv?rti?ing costs are considered mi???ll?n??u? ?x??n??? if they are ordinary and r????n?bl?.Your advertising expenses must b? directly r?l?t?d to ??ur bu?in???. F?r example, you ??n d?du?t th? ???t of ?rinting business cards.You ??n deduct promotion costs if they r?l?t? t? ??ur ??m??n?, and ??u expect t? g?in bu?in??? from them in th? future. F?r ?x?m?l?, ??u can d?du?t the cost ?f ???n??ring an ?v?nt.Priz?? f?r contestsIt i? possible to d?du?t the ???t of ???n??ring ?n ?v?nt and ?v?n th? ?riz?? giv?n in ??ur tax r?turn.R??l ??t?t?-r?l?t?d ?x??n???M??t r??l ??t?t? agents ?nd brokers r???iv? income in th? f?rm ?f ??mmi??i?n? from ??l?? transactions.Y?ur? g?n?r?ll? not ??n?id?r?d ?n employee und?r f?d?r?l t?x guid?lin??, but r?th?r a self-employed ??l? ?r??ri?t?r, even if ??ur? an agent ?r br?k?r w?rking f?r a r??l estate brokerage firm.Thi? ??lf-?m?l???d ?t?tu? ?ll?w? ??u t? d?du?t many ?f th? expenses ??u in?ur in your r??l ??t?t? sales ?r ?r???rt? m?n?g?m?nt ??tiviti??. Careful r???rd k???ing ?nd kn?wing your ?ligibl? writ?-?ff? are key t? g?tting all of th? tax deductions ??ur? ?ntitl?d to.Rebates ?n ??l??Recently, the IRS h?? taken ?t??? to reduce ??m? ?f th? ??nfu?i?n. But a m?j?r issue remains un??ttl?d: wh?th?r a r?b?t? i? a sales ?ri?? ?dju?tm?nt r?du?ing gross income (?x?lu?i?n) or a d?du?ti?n fr?m gross in??m?.Thi? w?uld b? a distinction with?ut a diff?r?n?? f?r f?d?r?l t?x?bl? in??m?, which is r?du??d ?ith?r w??, ?x???t th?t a deduction i? ?ubj??t t? th? restrictions ?f IRC § 162(c) (?t?t? ??l?? t?x?? ??uld also be ?ff??t?d).Thu?, r?b?t?? that h?v? n?t ?u?lifi?d as exclusions h?v? been disallowed ?lt?g?th?r when the IRS h?ld them t? b ? not ?rdin?r? ?nd n??????r?, or wh?n th? payment fit one ?f th? ?r?hibit?d ??t?g?ri?? ?f ???ti?n 162(?), such ?? illegal ???m?nt? or ki?kb??k?.R?ntD? ??u w?rk from your rental home? Ex??n??? r?l?t?d t? your h?m? office ??n b? d?du?t?d from ??ur f?d?r?l ?nd ?t?t? taxes.Y?u can d?du?t th? amount ?f r?nt represented by th? square f??t?g? ?f ??ur h?m? u??d f?r business ?? well ?? a prorated ??rti?n ?f utilit? ???m?nt? like water, ??w?r, heating ?nd g??.A few ???r? ?g?, the IRS m?d? it ???i?r f?r bu?in??? ?wn?r? t? claim this d?du?ti?n with th? simplified option f?r h?m? office deduction.Research ?nd d?v?l??m?ntMany t???? of bu?in????? d? r????r?h, and ??u m?? not ?v?n b? ?w?r? th?t the ??tiviti?? of your business m?? be ?v?il?bl? as t?x credits.Y?ur business m?? b? able t? ?u?lif? f?r a tax ?r?dit for activities such ??: d?v?l??m?nt ?f proprietary ?r?du?t?, in?luding inv?nti?n?, improving product quality, r?li?bilit?, ?r fun?ti?n?lit?, w?rk ?n d?v?l??ing ?r improving software products, r????r?h to improve bu?in??? ??rf?rm?n??, payments t? third ??rti?? wh? conduct research for your bu?in???, payments to employees wh? w?rk ?n r????r?h ?r?j??t? in ??ur bu?in???R?tir?m?nt ?l?n?Th? Int?rn?l Revenue Service ?ll?w? bu?in????? t? ??t?bli?h r?tir?m?nt ?l?n? for th?ir employees th?t are tax deductible, ?r?vid?d th? ?l?n? ?dh?r? t? IRS Code 401(a) and th? Em?l???? R?tir?m?nt In??m? S??urit? Act, or ERISA. An employee can d?t?rmin? wh?th?r th?ir ??ntributi?n int? their pension plan i? deductible b? asking th?ir ?m?l???r if th?? h?v? received a “D?t?rmin?ti?n Letter” fr?m th? IRS to ?n?ur? th?? are covered und?r a “?u?lifi?d plan” f?r t?x ?ur?????.R???lti??In general, if a company ???? r???lti??, th? Internal Revenue S?rvi?? allows th?t company to in?lud? th??? r???lt? ???m?nt? ?? a d?du?tibl? expense, whi?h reduces th? company’s t?x?bl? in??m? f?r federal t?x ?ur?????.C?m??ni?? ?ft?n deduct r???lt? ???m?nt? ?? a m?rk?ting, ??lling and ?dv?rti?ing ?x??n??. H?w?v?r, certain ?x???ti?n? d? ?xi?t, m?k? ?ur? t? find ?ut h?w it affects youS?f?-d????it b?xY?u ??n deduct safe d????it box r?nt if ??u u?? th? box t? ?t?r? t?x?bl? in??m?-?r?du?ing ?t??k?, b?nd?, ?r inv??tm?nt-r?l?t?d ????r? and documents.You ??n not d?du?t th? rent if ??u u?? th? b?x ?nl? for j?w?ll?r?, other ??r??n?l it?m?, ?r t?x-?x?m?t ???uriti??.This i? a mi???ll?n??u? deductions ?ubj??t t? th? 2% rul? so most lik?l? will n?t m?k? ?n? diff?r?n??.SafeS?m??n? wh? runs a h?m? ?ffi?? may ?ur?h??? a home ??f? to keep bu?in??? items ???ur?.U?? the safe ?x?lu?iv?l? f?r business. If ??u d????it it?m? r?l?t?d t? operating th? bu?in???, ??u can ?l?im the deduction.D? n?t ?l??? ?n? ??r??n?l items in the ??f?, h?w?v?r.For example, according to the IRS, you ??n ?l?im the deduction if th? b?x i? u??d t? ?t?r? d??um?nt? pertaining to the bu?in???, in?luding ?t??k?, bonds ?nd investment records.Software ?nd online servicesThese d???, you’d b? hard ?r????d t? find ?n entrepreneur that didn’t u?? a combination ?f software, ????, ?nd online t??l? to run th?ir business.Th?nkfull?, th? ???t ?f bu?in???-r?l?t?d ??ftw?r?, ????, and online t??l? i? t?x d?du?tibl?.Storage r?nt?lM?n? ?f th? ?x??n??? ?f r?l???ting to a n?w g??gr??hi??l area, ?u?h ?? th? ???t ?f hiring m?v?r? ?nd r?nting a storage unit, ?r? deductible if ??u ??n ??ti?f? b?th the time ?nd di?t?n?? t??t?.Und?r the time t??t, th? Int?rn?l R?v?nu? S?rvi?? requires th?t ??u w?rk full-tim? for at l???t 39 w??k? during your fir?t 12 m?nth? in th? n?w l???ti?n. T? ??ti?f? th? di?t?n?? test, ??ur n?w job h?? to b? at least 50 mil?? f?rth?r from your former home th?n ??ur ?r?vi?u? j?b was from th?t ??m? f?rm?r home.Th? IRS does limit th? ?t?r?g? d?du?ti?n t? 30 consecutive d??? of rent. M?r??v?r, th??? 30 d??? mu?t ???ur ?ft?r ??ur h?u??h?ld it?m? are r?m?v?d fr?m your f?rm?r h?m? but b?f?r? delivery t? th? n?w ?n?.Sub??ntr??t?r?The ??rning? ?f a ??r??n who i? working ?? ?n ind???nd?nt contractor ?r? subject t? S?lf-Em?l??m?nt Tax. Ind???nd?nt ??ntr??t?r? are ??lf-?m?l???d, ?nd therefore, they are n?t ??v?r?d und?r m??t f?d?r?l ?m?l??m?nt statutes.They are not ?r?t??t?d fr?m employment discrimination und?r Title VII, nor ?r? they entitled to leave under th? F?mil? M?di??l Leave A?t. Y?u d?nt h?v? t? ??? them b?n?fit?, S??i?l Security, M?di??r?, w?rk?r? ??m??n??ti?n ?r ?t?t? un?m?l??m?nt t?x??.W?g?? ??id to ind???nd?nt contractors ??n b? d?du?t?d from your taxable income.For t?x ?ur?????, ??u mu?t ?r?vid? th??? individu?l? with the IRS f?rm 1099-MISC and ?r?vid? th? IRS with Form 1096 t? ?h?w h?w much ??u ??id them.Of ??ur??, ??u ?h?uld consult with ??ur t?x and ????unting ?r?f???i?n?l? t? d?t?rmin? ?x??tl? wh?t write-offs ?r? legal and wh?t procedures t? f?ll?w ?nd f?rm? to use.TaxesIf you it?miz? d?du?ti?n?, ??u ??n d?du?t ?t?t? ?nd l???l t?x?? you ??id during th? ???r. These t?x?? ??n in?lud? ?t?t? ?nd l???l in??m? t?x?? ?r ?t?t? ?nd l???l ??l?? t?x??, but not both.T?l??h?n?If ??ur? self-employed and ? ?u use ??ur ??ll ?h?n? for bu?in???, ??u ??n ?l?im th? bu?in??? use of ??ur ?h?n? as a tax d?du?ti?n. If 30 percent of ??ur tim? on th? ?h?n? i? spent on business, ??u could l?gitim?t?l? deduct 30 ??r??nt ?f your ?h?n? bill.Utiliti??Y?u ??n ?l?im utility bills returns, but ?l?iming utilit? bills ?ft?n dr?w? th? ?tt?nti?n of the IRS when it ?h????? wh? t? ?udit. If ??u d?du?t utilit? bill? ?n ??ur t?x??, ?r???r? t? b??k u? ??ur ?l?im with v?rifi?bl? ?vid?n??.Website designTh?r? ?r? many ways to d?du?t ??ur w?b?it? ???t from your in??m? tax. It is l?ft f?r ??u t? ?h???? which ?n? b??t ?uit? ??u. Cli?k h?r? t? ???W?rk?r?’ ??m??n??ti?n insuranceSm?ll bu?in????? that ?r? sole ?r??ri?t?r?hi??, ??rtn?r?hi?? ?r limited liability ??r??r?ti?n? ?r? allowed t? deduct ???t? f?r workers ??m??n??ti?n insurance fr?m th?ir f?d?r?l ?nd ?t?t? t?x??.Th? d?du?ti?n? are d??um?nt?d ?n Int?rn?l R?v?nu? S?rvi?? Schedule C, whi?h is fil?d with the ?m?ll bu?in??? ?wn?r? Form 1040. W?rk?r? ??m??n??ti?n premi ums are ?nl? d?du?tibl? when they are r??uir?d b? th? state g?v?rnm?nt, ?nd the rul?? v?r? wid?l? fr?m ?t?t? t? ?t?t?.P?tt? C??h ?nd Ti??Ju?t b???u?? you didnt g?t a r???i?t doesnt mean ??u ??nt deduct th? ???t, but ??u ?h?uld have ??m? d??um?nt?ti?n. It? as much for you as f?r a ??t?nti?l ?udit.Sm?ll ???h ?x??n??? h?r? ?nd th?r? ??n ?dd up t? a significant ?m?unt b? the end ?f th? year!PS: D?n’t even think about tr?ing to claim th??? ?? a small business t?x d?du?ti?n  A ?m?ll bu?in??? loanâ€"but ??u can deduct wh?t?v?r you purchase with th? l??nBu?in??? ?ttir? th?t ??u ??n w??r ?ut?id? ?f w?rk (i.e., n?n-unif?rm?)C?ntributing your tim? t? ?h?rit?Membership du??, ?v?n t? a ?r?f???i?n?l organizationFederal income tax paymentsYour lif? and disability insurance ?r?mium? if you’re a ??l? ?r??., partnership, ?r S CorporationL?bb?i?t?Penalties and fin?? ??u pay ?? the result ?f br??king the lawP?liti??l ??ntributi?n?Professional ???r?dit?ti?n f???Y?ur ?wn ??l?r? if ??ur? a ??l? propri etor

Immanuel Kant and The Enlightenment Era - 1077 Words

In his essay writing â€Å"What is Enlightenment?† Immanuel Kant defines enlightenment as â€Å"man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity† (Kant, 1). In order for us to completely understand this definition, we must first understand what Kant meant by â€Å"Immaturity†. In the writing Kant defines immaturity as â€Å"the inability to use one’s understanding without the guidance from another†(Kant, 1). Furthermore, Kant believes that this immaturity is self-imposed, and that it is the individual’s fault for lacking the courage and resolve to think for themselves, but instead pay others to think and understand for them. I substantially agree with this idea, however, his remarks on immaturity in relation to the government, the way people should live, and religion is quite impetuous and irrational. Likewise, I do agree that people should be able to live freely, and think for themselves, however I do not agree that they have to liv e without rules, regulations or a government. In his essay Kant says â€Å". If I have a book to serve as my understanding, a pastor to serve as my conscience, a physician to determine my diet for me, and so on, I need not exert myself at all. I need not think, if only I can pay: others will readily undertake the irksome work for me.†(Kant, 1). Kant believes that these guardians restrain our minds and have us lack the capabilities to think for ourselves. However, I believe that these same guardians are those entities that help nurture our mind and enable us to thinkShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant : An Atypical Philosopher From The Enlightenment Era1191 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant was an atypical philosopher from the Enlightenment Era. His ethical views differed from other philosophers during the time. While most views were based on consequences, his ethical views were deontological, meaning that he judged actions based on the intention rather that the result of the acti on. He believed that morality should not be based on emotion, but on reason. You perform an action not because it will provide you a means to an end, but because it was reasonably right, andRead MoreThe Nature of Existence and the Existence of Nature Essay examples1643 Words   |  7 Pageswhy and not just what? This concept stemmed mainly from philosophers during the Enlightenment. Learning something for the first time that is accepted to be true, for example mathematics and various proofs, usually ends with us adding that to our plethora of knowledge to ace the next test. However, before the Enlightenment many people believed that through learning, or experience, something comes to exist. Immanuel Kant ended up to be the most influential philosopher of the 17th and 18th centuriesRead More Was The Enlightenment Really The Age of Reason? Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesof insight to another† Immanuel Kant. Kant’s opinion of reason is that it is a force, which is eve r-evolving and constantly building on previous insights. The Enlightenment is a historical period referring to the intellectual movement that swept across Europe in the 18th century. To tackle this question, I will be looking at two texts. The essays, ‘An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment’ by Immanuel Kant, an 18th century philosopher, and ‘What is Enlightenment’ by Michel Foucault, a 20thRead MoreEssay on Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)1093 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) Author of Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). The Enlightenment was a desire for human affairs to be guided by rationality than by faith, superstition, or revelation; a belief in the power of human reason to change society and liberate the individual from the restraints of custom or arbitrary authority; all backed up by a world view increasingly validated by science rather than by religion or tradition. (Outram 1995) In the eighteenth centuryRead MoreThe 18th Century Enlightenment1487 Words   |  6 Pages Upon analyzing the contemporaries of the 18th century enlightenment period, it is important to note that the idea of â€Å"change† caused unease and anxiety to settle in. The enlightenment was a European philosophical movement led by philosophers, Kant, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke. These thinkers began to question the way of life in the contemporary world and discussed the potential of â€Å"man†. Immanuel Kant hypothesized that man is immature and has yet to find his true potential. QuestioningRead MoreKant : The Father Of Enlightenment1071 Words   |  5 PagesStanford Marquis Essay 2 Kant: The Father of Enlightenment The 18th Century is referred to as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment as it was during this period that reason and individualism was advocated as a means of power. Science and reason were revolutionizing society by challenging the facts deeply rooted in tradition. This new rational way of thinking used logic to arrive at conclusions. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, was one of the primary figures of this era that cultivated reason andRead MoreFrench Revolution Vs. Immanuel Kant1265 Words   |  6 PagesDWC 201, Dr. Moffett Allison Lancaster Essay #1 French Revolution vs. Immanuel Kant In 1614, France’s Population changed dramatically. The citizens were placed in three classes of rank in society. These classes consisted of the Nobels, who were born of royal blood, the Aristocrats, who were independently wealthy, and then the rest of the population who were less fortunate in life. These non-aristocratic members made up 98 percent of the Third Estate, but even so, could still be outvotedRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Mary Wollstonecraft888 Words   |  4 Pagesnot necessarily mean escaping tangible shackles that binds around our wrists and ankles, but this could be removing the limitations that are put on specific people based on their status or gender. Immanuel Kant (1784) approaches the theme of ‘being free’ in ‘An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?’ that is about reaching a psychological state, which is to able express and act freely without being guided by the monarchy. However, Mary Wollstonecraft’s (1792) †˜A Vindication of the Rights ofRead MoreThe Enlightenment s Influence On The French Revolution885 Words   |  4 Pagesimagined the impact that the Enlightenment would have and its long-lasting effect. The Enlightenment and its ideas became so widespread that they did not only affect France, but many other countries also. The French Revolution was directly inspired and influenced by the Enlightenment. Revolutionaries in France built their cause around the ideals of the Age of Reason. Reason, reform and modernity took hold mainly in Germany, Great Britain and of course, France. The Enlightenment was not able to permeateRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strict

A Dolls House Character Analysis - 872 Words

A Dolls House Essay on Love By comparing Ibsens play A Dolls House and the movie Me Before You one can see that gender roles play a big factor in love. A romantic relationship that involves gender roles will bring out love’s most raw form; the emergence of one’s true feelings towards his/her significant other whether it is a negative or positive view. A Doll’s House and the movie Me Before You shows how gender roles impact the lives of Nora [from Doll’s House] and Will Traynor [from Me Before You]. As both characters experience what they believe is love until eventually, they come to a state of mind that exposes their true feelings. In the case of A Doll’s House, it is represented through traditional gender roles; where the female must†¦show more content†¦Lastly, the idea of a woman having a value greater than of a housewife was simply outrageous in Ibsen’s play. The fact a woman’s value comes down to only two things (housewife and motherhood) strongly reflects how gender roles are the foundations of any sort of relationship between a man and a woman. In light of this, through love, Nora was able to find her own value and through those gender roles, Nora was able to firmly establish that value. Therefore, the play A Doll’s House shows how the factor of gender roles drastically takes part in Nora’s shift in perspective and thought. The result of this change was not clean, it was not exactly a happy change either, but it is the rawest form of Nora’s and Torvald’s love that prompted this to happen. For example, in order to find herself as an individual, she needs to get rid of the title of a mother (since being a mother came with gender roles). However, Nora is required to leave her children with her husband, in spite of that, she also genuinely cares for them since she cannot raise them without financial support while developing a bad reputation. Furthermore, Nora respects Torvald’s role in society as a man by removing him of any relations with her and even allowing him to raise a heir for his bloodline. Nora’s actions here display love in its most raw form as she deliberately leaves with full knowledge of the consequences she will face, but in a manner where not only she fulfills her duties to herself but as well toShow MoreRelatedA Dolls House Character Analysis1555 Words   |  7 Pagesnow, I am no wife for you†(Ibsen 887) This statement is from Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll House, is a play based in 1879, and it sets the tone of the remainder of the story. Ibsen seems to be making a statement that women need to mature and be independent before they have a family of their own. All of the women in this play leave their loved ones behind to gain their independence. Ibsen’s statement and character portrayal helps make Ibsen’s play take on feminist characteristics. Ibsen’s play shows thatRead MoreA Dolls House Character Analysis1222 Word s   |  5 Pageshighlights how Nora does not wish to share the news of the loan with Torvald as she believes it would ‘completely wreck their relationship’ and therefore, Ibsen utilises other characters to become her confidante, as it is in this way he shows the audience her inner thoughts. Just like Hardy’s use of Liddy, in A Doll’s House, this role is found in Christine Linde: an old friend. Christine is the first person Nora tells about the loan, and admits the loan has caused her ‘a frightful lot of worry’. ThisRead MoreAnalysis of the Character of Mrs. Linde in A Dolls House1084 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"think twice before you speak, because your words and influence will plant the seed of either success or failure in the mind of another.† In Henrick Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House, the character of Mrs. Linde contributes to the exposition and pivotal moment of the decideding factors of Krogstad, she also has a profou nd influence on the character development of Nora Helmer. Mrs. Linde directly contributes to Nora’s moment of realization and Nora’s decision to leave her husband at the end of the play. WomanRead MoreShakespeare s A Doll s House Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe Performance of Gender in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House It can be said that the sound of Nora Helmer slamming the door behind her as she leaves her husband and children in pursuit of self-actualization is one of the most famous in theatre history. The journey the characters in A Doll’s House take in order to build to this powerful moment is a fascinating one. Countless scholars have analyzed aspects of Ibsen’s famous play; some have examined the complicated marriage between Nora and Torvald Helmer,Read MoreHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House1489 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular response. The play â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen provides an excellent example for analysis, with each component strongly supported. Often the first, and most obvious, component that can be observed when reading drama is the point of view that it is written from. Point of view determines the perspective from which the story is told. In a play there is typically not a narrator, leaving the audience to witness the action and dialogue of all the characters and compose a personal interpretationRead MoreBibo1025 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsens A Dolls House. In Bloom, Harold, ed. Human Sexuality, Blooms Literary Themes. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2009. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. In this article, Kristin Brunnemer explores writer Henrik Ibsen and the transformation of Nora, the main character in Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House† (Brunnemer 1). There is much debate over whether Ibsen intended to promote feminism through his main female character, Nora, in his playRead More Essay on Lies and Self-realization in A Dolls House1162 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-realization in A Dolls House    In Ibsens play,   A Dolls House,   the characters willingly exist in a situation of untruth or inadequate truth that conceals conflict.   Noras independent nature is in contradiction to the tyrannical authority of Torvald.   This conflict is concealed by the way they both hide their true selves from society, each other, and ultimately themselves.   Just like Nora and Torvald, every character in this play is trapped in a situation of untruth. A Dolls House, can beRead MoreA Dolls House -H.Ibsen ,Critical Analysis1554 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Subject : Drama B Writer : Henrik Johan Ibsen Genre : Realistic Modern Drama Name of the Work / Play : A Doll’s House ( 1897 ) in three acts Characters : Major Characters / Minor Characters Nora Helmer ( wife of Torvald Helmer ,mother of three children ) Torvald Helmer( husband of Nora Helmer , a lawyer ,father of three children ) Dr. Rank ( doctor ,friend of Nora Torvald Helmer, confidant ,commentator ) Mrs. Kristine Linde ( old friend of Nora Helmer ) Nils Krogstad ( barristerRead More A Dolls House: A Push To Freedom Essay examples1371 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometime after the publication of quot;A Dolls Housequot;, Henrik Ibsen spoke at a meeting of the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights. He explained to the group, quot;I must decline the honor of being said to have worked for the Womens Rights movement. I am not even very sure what Womens Rights are. To me it has been a question of human rightsquot; ( ). quot;A Dolls Housequot; is often interpreted by readers, teachers, and critics alike as an attackRead MoreRealism Theatre Essay1085 Words   |  5 Pagessymbolism, character development, stage setting and storyline and is exemplified in plays such as Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Anton Chekhovs The Three Sisters. The arrival of realism was indeed good for theatre as it promoted greater audience involvement and raised awareness of contemporary social and moral issues. It also provided and continues to provide a medium through which playwrights can express their views about societal values, attitudes and morals. A Dolls House is the tragedy

John Paul Vann Free Essays

John Paul Vann is the central character of Sheehan’s book, the character around whom the whole Vietnam War seems to turn. Fearless, misguided, Vann appears to stand for America itself. American ambassador and commanding general were informing the Kennedy administration that everything was going well and that the victory was theirs. We will write a custom essay sample on John Paul Vann or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vann saw Vietnam War otherwise. In the end Vann was killed when his helicopter crashed and burned in rain and fog in the mountains of Vietnam’s Central Highlands, leaving behind a most extraordinary legend. He succeeded in imposing himself as the real commander of a whole region in Vietnam, and the Pentagon, in an unprecedented move, gave him authority over all U. S. military forces in his area. He commanded as many troops as a major general. Vann never hesitated to use whatever level of force was necessary to achieve his ends, but considered it morally wrong and stupid to wreak violence on the innocent (another reason for his popularity with the anti-war people). The influence he wielded both within the U. S. civil-military bureaucracy and the Saigon government made him, by general agreement, the most important American in Vietnam after our ambassador and commanding general, a position recognized at his Arlington funeral, attended by the entire Washington military establishment. Neil Sheehan’s book is now popular with both critics and public, and Hollywood would even think of making a film portraying an American military hero from the Vietnam War with such sympathy. DEVELOPMENT OF THEME Both John Paul Vann and Neil Sheehan went to Vietnam in the early 1960s, Vann as a military advisor, Sheehan as a reporter for United Press International (UPI). As the months passed, Vann’s disillusionment with the war’s progress eventually led him to share his frustrations with Sheehan and other reporters, and the advisor became one of the correspondents’ most valuable sources of information on the true dynamics of the situation out in the countryside. In the mid-1960s Sheehan left Vietnam for assignments in the United States, but Vann remained and, after assuming a civilian position, rose to become one of the most powerful Americans in the country. In 1972, a short time after Vann’s death in a helicopter crash, Sheehan began work on a biography of the soldier. Sixteen long years later, the book was finally published to a chorus of critical praise. John Paul Vann went to Vietnam in March 1962 at age thirty-seven. A lieutenant colonel in the U. S. Army, he served as senior advisor to the South Vietnamese Army’s 7th Infantry Division, which was headquartered at My Tho in the Mekong Delta south of Saigon. An intelligent, fearless man possessed of terrific stamina and a deeply held belief in the legitimacy of U. S. involvement in Vietnam, Vann was an ideal advisor in many respects. Sheehan wrote in A Bright Shining Lie that the military man’s character and education had ‘‘combined to produce a mind that could be totally possessed by the immediate task and at the same time sufficiently detached to discern the root elements of the problem. He manifested the faith and the optimism of post–World War II America that any challenge could be overcome by will and by the disciplined application of intellect, technology, money, and, when necessary, armed force. (134)’’ But as the months passed and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) troops that he was advising continued to flounder, Vann’s frustration grew. South Vietnamese commanders proved reluctant to commit troops to confrontations because of political concerns back in Saigon and their own instinct for self-preservation, and the rosy forecasts of American policymakers troubled him as well. Moreover, Vann felt that both the South Vietnamese government and U. S. officials did not appreciate the significance of the social problems plaguing the country, and he argued that U. S. bombing policies and the Strategic Hamlets program (in which peasants were forcibly removed from their homes and placed in group encampments) were eroding already tenuous support for the Diem regime out in the countryside. By the end of his first year in Vietnam, wrote Sheehan, ‘‘Vann saw that the war was being lost. The ambassador and the commanding general in South Vietnam were telling the Kennedy administration that everything was going well and that the war was being won. Vann believed then and never ceased to believe that the war could be won if it was fought with sound tactics and strategy† (102). Sheehan and the other members of the Saigon press corps bucked attempts by U. S. and Vietnamese officials to spoon-feed the media information on the war’s progress, and relations between the camps quickly deteriorated. Within a matter of months, however, the adventurous UPI reporter had developed an effective network of independent sources and established a productive partnership with David Halberstam of the New York Times. One of the correspondents’ best sources in the U. S. military was John Paul Vann. Writing in A Bright Shining Lie, Sheehan described the relationship between Vann and the reporters in similar terms: ‘‘Vann taught us the most, and one can truly say that without him our reporting would not have been the same†¦. He gave us an expertise we lacked, a certitude that brought a qualitative change in what we wrote. He enabled us to attack the official optimism with gradual but steadily increasing detail and thoroughness’’ (254). Sheehan noted that he and most of the other correspondents initially supported America’s presence in Vietnam. ‘‘We believed in what our government said it was trying to accomplish in Vietnam, and we wanted our country to win this war just as passionately as Vann and his captains did,’’ (211) Sheehan said. But the reports of Vann and other sources, coupled with their own firsthand observations out in the field, convinced the press corps that the U. S. prosecution of the war was fundamentally flawed. While attending the funeral for John Paul Vann in 1972, Sheehan was struck by the stature of those in attendance (from General William Westmoreland, who served as a pallbearer, to Ellsberg, who had been one of Vann’s closest friends). Upon returning home, Sheehan secured a two-year leave of absence from the New York Times, along with a contract from a publisher, and began work on a biography of Vann. The writer felt that by studying Vann’s life, he would also be able to examine America’s role in Vietnam. As he wrote in A Bright Shining Lie, ‘‘The intensity and distinctiveness of his character and the courage and drama of his life had seemed to sum up so many of the qualities Americans admired in themselves as a people. By an obsession, by an unyielding dedication to the war, he had come to personify the American endeavor in Vietnam. He had exemplified it in his illusions, in his good intentions gone awry, in his pride, in his will to win† (325). As the 1970s blurred into the early 1980s, Sheehan’s obsession with Vann’s story grew. Month after month passed by as the writer tried to reconcile Vann’s dark secrets (a troubled childhood, a sexual appetite that doomed his army career) with the honorable soldier he had known in the Mekong Delta. And over it all lay the shadow of the war itself, the contradictions of which Sheehan continued to see encapsulated in Vann. Sheehan fell into a reclusive routine in which his waking hours were dominated by the book. In August 1986 Sheehan finally completed the manuscript for A Bright Shining Lie. Over the course of the next year, the author pared the book down to 360,000 words, still a massive work. In 1988—sixteen years after Sheehan began work on the Vann biography—A Bright Shining Lie was finally published. Paralyzed by our own Newtonian paradigm, we defeated ourselves by persistently viewing the Vietcong as being different from us in degree, when in fact they were different in kind. Underestimating them as being different only in degree, the U. S. military often contemptuously referred to them as â€Å"those raggedy-assed little bastards† (205). To Americans, the Vietcong simply had less technology to fight with; but the Vietcong knew they had a different kind of technology – the land, and they used it to great advantage against U. S. technology. In his A Bright Shining Lie, Sheehan relates a story that perfectly expresses how the Vietcong used nature in concert with their kind of technology. A Captain James Drummond is told by a prisoner that â€Å"the most important Vietcong training camp in the northern Delta is located in clumps of woods above a hamlet. When he gets there, Drummond finds . . . four thatched-hut classrooms furnished with blackboards under the trees . . . † (88). The very idea that â€Å"blackboards under the trees† – a virtual oxymoron in American thinking -could be used to defeat the United States, is, once again, â€Å"unthinkable. † It represents what psychiatrist Charles J. Levy calls â€Å"inverted warfare,† which Gibson explains as â€Å"the sense in which American common sense on how the world operates was reversed or inverted in Vietnam†. A Bright Shining Lie confirms, that the core of the U. S. news operation in Vietnam during the crucial years from 1961 to 1963, came under the influence of a mid-level U. S. Army adviser, Lieutenant Colonel John Paul Vann, who was convinced that he had solved the riddle of how to galvanize what was essentially a fifteenth-century South Vietnamese army into a twentieth-century fighting force: Get rid of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem, and have the United States take over the war, in toto. On January 2, 1963, the ARVN 7th Infantry Division, which was under the command of General Huynh Van Cao, carried out orders to destroy a Vietcong radio transmitter located in the hamlet of Tan Thoi in the Mekong Delta. Acting on intelligence that indicated that the transmitter was protected by a force of about one hundred Vietcong in nearby Ap Bac, Vann and his staff settled on a plan of attack that featured his usual precise calculations. ‘‘Vann saw an opportunity to use the ARVN’s advantages in mobility, firepower, and armor to destroy a Viet Cong unit,’’ noted Harry G. Summers, Jr. in the Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War. But instead of wreaking havoc on the guerrillas (whose hit-and-run tactics had frustrated the American advisors over the preceding months), the operation proved disastrous for Cao’s troops. Larger-than-expected Vietcong forces at Ap Bac and Tan Thoi were ready for the attack, having intercepted radio messages concerning the upcoming operation. When the raid’s first helicopters arrived, they were met with withering ground fire, and three of the H-21 helicopters and one Huey (UH-1) gunship were promptly downed. The first few minutes of the battle set the pattern for the rest of the clash. As the hours dragged by, ARVN forces committed a series of strategic blunders—some over the objections of Vann and his staff—that served to further deteriorate their position. Finally, Vann felt that Cao’s forces showed little appetite for battle, a factor that further contributed to the debacle. By the next morning the Vietcong guerrillas had slipped away, leaving behind eighty ARVN dead and another one hundred wounded. Significantly, three Americans had been killed as well. Later in the morning, Cao ordered a fraudulent air strike on the area, nearly killing Sheehan and two other Americans who were surveying the long-abandoned battlefield. In the battle’s aftermath, U. S. and South Vietnamese officials tried to call the clash at Ap Bac a victory, but Vann and his staff quickly disabused the press corps of any such notions. Enraged by the whole operation, Vann called the ARVN effort ‘‘a miserable damn performance,’’ and even though correspondents who used the quote did not reveal his identity, U. S. officials familiar with Vann knew whose voice it was. ‘‘As a battle it did not amount to much, but Ap Bac would have profound consequences for the later prosecution of the war,’’ wrote Summers. ‘‘Prior to Ap Bac,’’ Sheehan pointed out, ‘‘the Kennedy administration had succeeded in preventing the American public from being more than vaguely conscious that the country was involved in a war in a place called Vietnam†¦. Ap Bac was putting Vietnam on the front pages and on the television evening news shows with a drama that no other event had yet achieved’’ (421). Vann retired from the army several months later. When those who knew him learned of his departure, many assumed that he had selflessly sacrificed his military career so that he could comment on the war with greater freedom, and his reputation was further enhanced. His admirers were unaware that Vann’s myriad sexual indiscretions (including a valid statutory rape charge that he ultimately beat) had permanently scarred his record, effectively limiting his advancement anyway. In 1965 Vann returned to Vietnam as a civilian, serving as a provincial pacification representative for AID (the Agency for International Development). As American involvement in the war expanded, Vann’s authority increased, even though he continued to be an outspoken critic of some aspects of the war’s prosecution. ‘‘His leadership qualities and his dedication to the war had assisted his promotion, as had a realization by those in power in Saigon and Washington that his dissent over tactics or strategy was always meant to further the war effort, not hinder it,’’ wrote Sheehan (436). In May 1971 Vann was promoted to an advisory position that gave him authority over all U. S. military forces in Vietnam’s Central Highlands and adjacent provinces along the central coastline. The unprecedented arrangement gave Vann more power than he could have ever wielded had he stayed in the army. By this point, some people who knew Vann felt that the years of involvement in the war had changed the man, and not for the better. They noted that Vann had adopted a much more lenient philosophy about appropriate methodologies for winning the bitter war. Those who recalled his harsh criticisms of bombing strategies earlier in the conflict for the toll that they exacted on civilians found that he had become an enthusiastic proponent of intensive bombing campaigns. Sheehan wrote about an exchange between Vann and Washington Post reporter Larry Stern that dramatically reflected Vann’s change of heart: ‘‘Anytime the wind is blowing from the north where the B-52 strikes are turning the terrain into a moonscape, you can tell from the battlefield stench that the strikes are effective,’’ (365) Vann reportedly told Stern. In March 1972, North Vietnamese forces launched the three-pronged Easter Offensive, a bold effort to overwhelm South Vietnam by attacks on three strategic regions. All three thrusts were ultimately turned back, however, as the NVA (North Vietnamese Army) was handed a major setback. Vann was widely credited with being a key figure in the defense of An Loc, a site seventy-five miles north of Saigon that had been one of the NVA’s primary targets in the offensive. In June of that year, however, Vann was killed in an air crash when his helicopter, flying low over an otherwise treeless valley at night, hit a small group of trees standing over a primitive Montagnard cemetery (Montagnards are aboriginal tribespeople who make their homes in some of Vietnam’s more mountainous areas). EVALUATION OF THE THEME AND BOOK PRESENTATION As the months passed, and disastrous events such as the Ap Bac debacle and the Buddhist uprising erupted, Sheehan emerged as one of the war’s finest—and most controversial—correspondents. He did so despite struggling with an almost paralyzing certainty that death would claim him when he went out into the field. When he first arrived in Vietnam, Sheehan had been exhilarated by violent, dangerous excursions out in the countryside, but the events at Ap Bac changed his attitude in dramatic fashion. While surveying the scene of the battle, Sheehan and two others (reporter Nick Turner and Brigadier General Robert York) had nearly been blown apart by General Cao’s fraudulent attack against the abandoned Vietcong positions in the area. In June 1964 Sheehan left UPI for the New York Times. A year later he returned to Saigon, where he stayed until 1966, when he was transferred to Washington, D. C. That same year he wrote an article, ‘‘Not a Dove, but No Longer a Hawk,’’ that reflected his growing disillusionment with America’s involvement in Vietnam. In the late 1960s he served as the newspaper’s Pentagon and White House correspondent. By 1971 Sheehan had come full circle; he emerged as a critic of the war. In 1971 Ellsberg’s disenchantment with U. S. policies led him to give Sheehan a massive collection of confidential government memorandums and reports on the war that came to be known as the Pentagon Papers. To opponents of the war, the records in this archive—commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara back in 1967, they included reports dating back to the 1940s—provided stark evidence that U. S. involvement in Southeast Asia had too often been characterized by deceit, misjudgments, and bureaucratic arrogance. Sheehan’s massive tome garnered many awards (Pulitzer Prize, National Book Award for nonfiction, Columbia Journalism Award, Robert F. Kennedy Book Award, and others) and laudatory reviews in the months following its publication. Boosted by the recognition, the book became a best-seller. Reviewers were almost unanimous in their praise for Sheehan’s work (the harshest dissent with the critical consensus appeared in the National Review). New York Times Book Review critic Ronald Steel commented that if there is one book that captures the Vietnam War in the sheer Homeric scale of its passion and folly, this book is it. Indeed, reviewers recognized that the book worked in large measure because of its choice of subject matter. Critics felt that, in John Paul Vann, Sheehan had found a larger-than-life figure whose experiences in Vietnam offered valuable insights into the character and nature of American involvement in the conflict. Making more sense of what happened in the conflict than most books, this is a thoughtful, well-made work. References Sheehan, Neil. (1988). A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam. New York: Random House. How to cite John Paul Vann, Papers

Titanium Essay Example For Students

Titanium Essay William Gregor in 1791, who was interested in minerals, discovered titanium. Herecognized the presence of a new element, now known as titanium, in menachanite,a mineral named after Menaccan in Cornwall (England). Several years later, theelement was rediscovered in the ore rutile by a German chemist, Klaproth. Thepure elemental metal was not made until 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter, who heatedTiCl4 together with sodium in a steel bomb at 700-800?C. Titanium is used foralloys with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Thesealloys of titanium are used principally in the aerospace industry, for bothairframes and engines, where lightweight strength and ability to withstandextremes of temperature are important. Titanium is as strong as steel, but muchlighter. It is twice as strong as aluminum. It is nearly as resistant tocorrosion as platinum. Titanium is a component of joint replacement parts,including hip ball and sockets. It has excellent resistance to seawater and isused for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to saltwater. A titanium anode coated with platinum provides cathodic protection fromcorrosion by salt water. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infraredradiation, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poorviewing conditions. Pure titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has anextremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher thandiamond. It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relativelysoft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of thepresence of TiO2. The dioxide is used extensively for paint as it is permanentand has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest useof the element. Titanium, symbol Ti, silver-white metallic element with anatomic number of 22 and an atomic weight of 47.9. Titanium is one of thetransition elements of the periodic table. Pure titanium metal is extremelybrittle when cold but malleable and ductile at a low red heat. Titanium is neverfound in the pure state. Because of its strength and light weight, titanium isused in alloys and as a substitute for aluminum. Alloyed with aluminum andvanadium, titanium is used in aircraft for fire walls, outer skin, landing-gearcomponents, hydraulic tubing, and engine supports. Titanium is also widely usedin missiles and space capsules. The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules werelargely made of titanium. The chemical inertness of titanium makes it suitableas a replacement for bone and cartilage in surgery and as a pipe and tank liningin food processing. It is used in desalinization plants because of its abilityto withstand saltwater corrosion. Titanium dioxide, known as titanium white, isa brilliant white pigment used in paints, lacquers, plastics, paper, textiles,and rubber. Pure titanium is soluble in concentrated acids, such as sulfuric andhydrofluoric acids, and insoluble in water. The metal is extremely bri ttle whencold, but is readily malleable and ductile at a low red heat. Titanium melts atabout 1660? C (about 3020? F), boils at about 3287? C (about 5949? F), andhas a specific gravity of 4.5. The atomic weight of titanium is 47.88. We will write a custom essay on Titanium specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now